ACE [NATO] Allied Command in Europe.

ACP-countries [EC]- African Carribean, Pacific Countries . Special agreements between the EC and 66 former colonial countries in Africa (45), Caribbean (13) and Pacific (8).
ACP has: 1) a Council of Ministers,2) a Committee of ACP Ambassadors and 3) a ACP General Secretariat.

AFTA see ASEAN

Agenda 21-- [UN-UNCED]-- See UNCED.

AIDS Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome. Provoked by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Albania Signed on 16 September 1991 the Helsinki Final Act and on the following day the Charter of Paris. On 15 of October 1991 became members of IMF.

Alma-Ata Declaration of December 21, 1991 by the CIS countries, in order to safeguard international strategic stability and security, the joint command of military strategic forces and the single control over nuclear weapons will be preserved. (source IALANA newsletter, nr.1, April 1992)

APEC- Asian Pacific Economic Co-operation: where take part ASEAN-countries, East Asian countries, USA, Australia and New Zealand.

ARRC [NATO]-- Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps.
Manfred Wörner called the ARRC "the centre-piece of NATO's new strategy". Its main function will be to protect NATO member countries which find themselves in crisis situations, but RRF units could also carry out humanitarian missions or peace-keeping missions under the aegis of the CSCE or the UN. The force will be completely operational beginning 1995. It will be made up of eight land and airborne divisions. Its headquarters is currently in Bielefeld and will be transferred to Rheindalen around October 1993. The countries participating in ARRC are: UK, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Turkey, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Portugal and the USA.

ASEAN - Association of South-Eastern Asiatic Nations: Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines Brunei and Indonesia. Created in 1967.
In 1979 begun a co-operation accord with the EC. On 28 of January 1992, the final day of their top-conference, Vietnam and Laos were admitted to the Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation ("waiting-room" for full-participation). The Final Document of the Top, called the Singapore Declaration, announces the establishment of the AFTA, ASEAN Free Trade Area, to start on January 1, 1993 and to be accomplished by 2008. In this top-conference, Malaysia presented a plan to extend the economic co-operation to Japan, South Korea and even China and to call it East Asiatic Economic Council (EAEC). This plan is subject of big controversy.

ASLP [France] Air to Ground Long Range Nuclear Missile.(still in development) France wants the co-operation of UK in this project. (source: publication of NATO Alerts Network, January 1993).

ATTU - [CSCE] Atlantic-to-the Urals zone. see CFE.

DAWN Development Alternatives of Women for a New Era (NGO).

Disarmament Machinery of the UN--- has three important bodies:
1) Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating forum see also CD;
2) the Disarmament Commission, the universal deliberative body making recommendations to the General Assembly; and
3) the First Committee, the GA forum for dealing in depth with disarmament and security issues.
There is currently a discussion about re-structuring these three bodies as well as the ODA (Office for Disarmament Affairs) for better work.

EAEC - See ASEAN

Earth Charter -- previous name of the Declaration of Rio (see UNCED 1992)

EBRD The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.Has the purpose to finance priority projects contributing both to the development of the private sector and to necessary infrastructure in Eastern European Countries.
The EBRD was established after agreement signed in May 1990. There are 40 participating countries including Australia, USA, Japan Soviet Union and the EFTA countries, plus the EEC and the European Investment Bank. The OECD uses this bank for technological co-operation with Poland, Czechia, Slovakia and Hungary. (see OECD). First president was the Frenchman Jacques Attali.

EC European Community. The EC is composed of twelve Member States. It functions in Brussels, Strasbourg and Luxembourg. Its institutions include the European Parliament (EP); European Commission; European Council of Ministers and European Court of Justice. There is also an Audit Office which controls the incomes and expenses of the organizations of the EC. The EC has two consultative organizations to which the European Commission must submit its proposals: 1) The Economic and Social Committee 2) The Advisory Committee of the European Council for Coal and Steel. (see further) See Annex 2

ECE [UN] Economic Commission for Europe. was created on March 1947 by the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) to facilitate concerted action for the economic reconstruction of Europe.
In 1990 the ECE restructured its programme of work and activities. It defined as priority areas of work: environment, transport, statistics, trade facilitation and economic analysis. It also underlined the importance of its activities designed to assist countries of central and eastern Europe in transition from centrally planned to market economies and adopted sustainable development as the guiding principle of all its relevant activities.
Membership (31 January 1993): Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rep. of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Slovac Republic,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, USA, Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro). The following countries have applied for membership: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Georgia has indicated informally its intentions to join UN/ECE. See Annex 1

ECOSOC-- UN Economic and Social Council.

Ecosphere -- Is the sum of the Earth's ecological systems.

Ecotax -- Tax on activities that can be a burden to the environment (in discussion in the EC).

ECU [EC] European Currency Unit (does not exist as banknotes or coins but is a bookkeeping unit for all EC accounting. (An ECU has the value of a little more than one US Dollar).

EDF [EC] European Development Fund.

EEB European Environmental Bureau.

EES European Economic Space between EFTA and the EC was signed in May 1992. Must be ratified by each member country to come into force. Switzerland decided not to belong to the EES. It is expected that the EES will start function in October of 1993.

EFTA European Free Trade Association (signed 1960) Members are Finland, Norway, Austria, Iceland, Sweden Switzerland and Lichtenstein. A free trade agreement between EFTA and Poland, Hungary and Czecho-Slovakia will come into force in July 1992. A similar agreement is planned with Romania, Bulgaria and the Baltic countries.

EIB [EC] European Investment Bank, specially established to give credits with low profit to backwards regions in the EC.

EMU [EC] Economic and Monetary Union.

EP [EC] European Parliament. The first session of the European Parliament was in 1958 but an election by direct vote was held, for the first time, in June 1979. Simonne Veil was the first president.
The European Parliament is elected directly in the member states for five-year terms. They represent the peoples of the community and not their governments. EP has 518 members: France 81; Italy 81; Germany 81; UK 81; Spain 60; The Netherlands 25; Belgium 24; Greece 24; Portugal 24; Denmark 16; Ireland 15; Luxembourg 6.
After the elections in 1994 the EP will have 567 members: Belgium 25; Denmark 16; Germany 99; Greece 25; Spain 64; France 87; Ireland 15; Italy 87; Luxemburg 6; The Netherlands 31; Portugal 25; UK 87.
It meets in plenary session once a month in Strasbourg. The offices are in Brussels.
The EP has decision-making power concerning the EC budget only. For all other subjects, the EP has only advisory power. Nevertheless it is difficult for the Council or the Commission not to accept the advice of the EP. Current President of the EP (1993) is Egon Klepsch (Germany). See also Annex 5

EPU [EC] European Political Union. Is beginning to put the question in concrete form. Will develop further after the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty by all 12 members states.
The EPU is developing relationships with the WEU. There is a discussion about taking into consideration "the need" of the EPU to have a nuclear force at its disposal. At the Colloquium "A New Strategic Debate" held at the French Economic and Social Council on September 1992 the venue was for the international launching of the debate. France is willing to go further with the discussion, the UK is putting restrictions. (info. in the publication of NATO Alerts Network, January 1993).

ERM [EC]-- Europe's exchange-rate mechanism.
The ERM consists of agreements to avoid large floating rates of the European currencies. Exchange rates must not go under a specific Lower ERM Limit. In case of devaluation of a certain currency the other European countries are supposed to purchase that currency in order to increase the demand and stabilize its value. Nevertheless there are limits to this support. In September 1992, UK and Italy left the ERM and let their currency floating.

ESC [EC] Economic and Social Committee. The ESC counts 189 delegates of employers, workers, businessmen, consumers and others. Not yet enough developed.

ESF [EC] European Social Fund.

Euratom [EC] European co-operation on peaceful use of nuclear energy. Started in 1955 (Conference of Messina). Treaty signed in Rome in1957.

"Eurobomb" -- Debate about an European Deterrent formed by French and UK nuclear weapons (together they have about 1500 warheads)(?).See Annex 6

Eurocorps -- French and German military project. The French and German Chiefs of Staff and the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe (SACEUR) made an agreement under which the Corps is to be used within the framework of NATO.

The European Commission [EC] see The Commission.

European Convention on Human Rights -- Signed in Rome on 4-11-1950.(see also Council of Europe).

The European Court of Justice (ECJ) [EC], with headquarters in Luxembourg is responsible for juridical aspects in the Community. Counts 13 judges (one of each member state and one of one of the bigger countries). It decides by majority of vote and its decision is binding: the member states must execute the decisions of the European Court.

European Energy Charter -- Was adopted in De Hague in December 1991 and signed by 47 states, including all EC member states. It was established to trigger economic recovery in the former USSR and Eastern Europe by modernising its energy industries and expanding energy trade.It will contain protocols dealing with energy efficiency, oil, gas, electricity and coal.

The "European" Flag - a circle of twelve golden stars on a blue background, the Flag represents the union of the peoples of "Europe". The number of stars is invariable, twelve being the symbol of perfection. The European flag, the official emblem of the Council of Europe since 1955, was also adopted by the European Community in 1986.

European Political Co-operation [EC], forum of the 12 Ministers of Foreign Affairs.

European Social Charter - [EC] adopted in 1989 at a meeting of the European -Top. Only UK voted against.

European Top- - see Council

Euromarket, same as European Community.

Europol [EC] Centre for exchange of information about drug offences, including laundry of money from drug's business. Established in June 1993 in Copenhagen by the Trevi-Group (Ministers of Internal Affairs and Ministers of Justice of the 12). Each member State will nominate specialists and it is expected that the Centre will start function at the beginning of 1994. The Trevi-Group could not achieve consensus about the headquarters of Europol. (see also Trevi-group)

G7 Group of 7 big industrial countries: USA, Japan, Germany, UK, France, Italy and Canada and the serving president of the EC.
In 1992 the G7 meeting was in München, Germany. At this meeting a fund of US$100 million was formed to increase the security of nuclear installations in the ex-Soviet Union. A greater fund of $800 million was not possible to form because Japan opposed to contribute to this fund before that the problem of the Koerilen would be settled.
The G7 and Russia:
1989, Paris, Gorbatchev sends a letter asking co-operation and to be invited to the next TOP.
1990: the G7 decide to order a study on the Economic situation of the Soviet Union. The study is made by the IMF, the World Bank, the OECD and the newly formed Bank for Eastern Europe. Germany asks for a quick help programme.
1991, London, the Representative of the EC was the Dutch R. Lubbers. Gorbatchov was invited "for the coffee" They offered him associated participation in the IMF and WB and technical assistance to transform the actual system into a capitalist one, but no financial support. In 1991 (October), in Bangkok, at the yearly meeting of the IMF and WB the procedure to make the Soviet Union a member is accelerated (The Soviet Union is falling apart).
1992 (April), in Washington, Premier Gaidar from Russia participates as full-member at the meeting of IMF and WB. The G7 promised a package of 24 billion dollars (from this, 6 billion are for a stability fund for the rouble). 1992, in München, President Yeltsin participates at the end of the G7-top. At a press conference in München Yeltsin promised to withdraw 130.000 troops from the Baltic states. The IMF in a hurry decides to give one billion as an advance to a bigger IMF loan that is not yet ascribed. The rouble stability fund is postponed.
1993 (March) Hong-Kong, representatives of the G7 meet Russian financial authorities in order to prepare a new help package. 1993 (April), Vancouver, President Yeltsin has a bilateral meeting with Pres.Clinton. The American gives Yeltsin political support and promises 1.6 billion dollars. 1993 (April) Tokyo, The ministers of Finances and Foreign Affairs of the G7 meet their colleagues in order to speak about the new help package.
1993 (July) Tokyo, the yearly G7 -top will be with the presence of Yeltsin (but he was also only present at the end) .

G15 Group of 15 most important Developing Countries. This group was formed in September 1989 in Belgrade and aims at improve the South-South co-operation. The 15 countries are: Argentina, Algeria, Brazil, Egypt, Jamaica, India, Indonesia Nigeria, Malaysia, Senegal, Peru, Mexico, Yugoslavia (?), Venezuela and Zimbabwe.Their heads of state meet behind closed doors as is the case of the Group of 7 (G7)

G24 Group of 24 (see OECD).

G77 Group of the (originally 77) developing countries.

Gabcikovo/Nagymaros project -- Dam in the Danube over which there is a conflict between Hungary and Slovakia. The European Commission has since 1992 helped with the negotiations. At the moment the conflict is to be solved by the International Court of Justice in the Hague.

GATT General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade started in 23-10-1947. The last round -- called the Uruguay Round -- started in 1986 in Punta del Este Uruguay with 96 contracting parties. The GATT should be about freeing the World trade and removing protectionism. The Uruguay Round has 15 working groups on agriculture, industrial production, tropical products, textile, services, investments, intellectual property technology, etc. In July 1992, Mozambique joint the GATT and in September 1992, Namibia (total at this date :105 member states). In September 1992 got Taiwan the status of observer and in October Kazachstan.
The agreements meet big difficulties between the USA and the EC. (specially on steel prices and concerning subsidies in agriculture; inside the EC takes France -- about subsidies to the agriculture -- an exceptional position)

GCC [EC] Gulf Co-operation Council : Saudi Arabia, Kuwait (president), Arabian Emirates, Qatar, Barhein and Oman.

GDS Global Defense System. Negotiations between the USA and Russia for a co-operation on Global Defense. Last meeting was in September 1992.

GEF Global Environment Facility, set up by the World Bank, for special funds for environment protection. Next Global Environment Facility meeting, will be in September 1993 in Washington DC.

GNP Gross National Product. Statistical measurement. See UNSNA

GPS Global Protection System. Discussions by the USA, the Russian Federation and other states (?). NATO "agreed that the Alliance should continue to discuss the concept of a GPS, in the context of a strategy designed to prevent the proliferation of ballistic missiles" (in Final Communique of the meeting of the Defense Planning Committee, 11 December 1992).

Greenhouse Effect -- Some gases in the atmosphere are permeable to the light of the sun, but they absorb the infrared (warm)radiation and reflect part of this warmth back to the earth surface.This natural process contributes, among other things, to the maintenance of the average earth temperature. When by human intervention, this natural process is disturbed, and the temperature on the surface of the earth increases as result of too much greenhouse gases, we speak about Greenhouse Effect. Greenhouse gases are: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's), Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Dioxide (NO2). Carbon Monoxide, Methane and some organic volatile substances have an indirect contribution to the greenhouse effect because these substances can form Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Ozone (O3).

Gulf War - Engaged more than 1.1 million soldiers. Operation Desert Storm engaged 580.000 troops of which 58% were from the USA 38% from countries bordering Iraq and 4% from other states. See also Annex 7

Harmel Report (?) (Said 25 years ago that the ultimate political purpose of NATO is to achieve a just and lasting peaceful order in Europe) (Check !)

HDR [UN] Human Development Report. Published by the UNDP. This report gives an alternative way of "counting" development.

High Commissioner for National Minorities [CSCE] established at the top-conference of CSCE in Helsinki, July 1992.To detect and prevent eventual ethnical conflicts.(see also CSCE).

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Provokes AIDS.

IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency. Organization that verifies the NPT.

ICFY International Conference on Former Yugoslavia.

IDA International Development Association.Organization affiliated with the World Bank but financially and legally distinct.IDA was initiated in 1960 to make loans on more flexible terms than those of the World Bank to further the development of its member countries. IDA members must be members of the World Bank and the World Bank's officers serve as its officers (ex-officio).

IEPG see NATO and WEU.

IFC International Finance Corporation. Organization affiliated with the World Bank but legally separated. Was founded in 1956 to stimulate the economic development of its members by providing capital for private enterprises. It gives loans without government guarantee of repayment. As for the IDA, the officers of the World Bank are officers of the IFC (ex-officio).

IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The same as the World Bank.(WB -- see also Bretton Woods)

IGC [EC] Inter-Governmental Conference. Formed in June 1985 in Milan to review the European Treaties. Closed in December of the same year with a Final Act which gave more functions to the EP, increased the number of decisions that the European Council can take and decided about the Inner Market after 1992.

ILO [UN]--International Labour Organization (Office).

IMF [UN] International Monetary Fund. (see Bretton Woods). Director since January of 1987 is the French man Michel Camdessus. In 1992 he was re-elected for more 5 years until 1997.
On 22 of September 1992, the Council of Governors of the IMF, approved the enlargement of the Executive Committee from 22 to 24 members. (19 chosen directors and 5 nominated by the governments of USA, Great-Britain, Germany, France and Japan, each nominates one). The executive directors were chosen for two years to start on November,1, 1992. Among these chosen directors there are representatives of Switzerland and Russia, that were members of IMF since May and June.

At the end of the September 1992 meeting of IMF there were 173 countries members of the organization. The last countries that joined in 1992 were: Bellorus (July 10), Kazachstan (July 15), Moldavia (August 12), Ukraine (September 3),Azerbajdzjan (September 18), Oezbekistan (September 21), Toerkmenistan (September 22) and San Marino (September 23).

Inner Market - [EC] after 1992 all borders between the 12 EC countries will be open for persons, capital and goods. (see also Schengen Treaty)

INF-Treaty on Intermediate Nuclear Forces (bilateral treaty between USA-USSR. Negotiations: 1985-1987.) Treaty entered into force June 1,1988. It obliges the USA and the USSR to destroy all land-based missiles with a range of 500-5500 km. (intermediate range, 1000-5500 km, and shorter-range 500-1000 km) and their launchers by June 1, 1991. This was completed in early May 1991.

Intermediate-range see INF

INSTRAW- [UN] International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women, it was founded in 1984 and is situated in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

LDC's Least Developed Countries.

Lisbon Protocol - see START Treaty.

Lomé Treaties:[EC], named after the capital of Togo in West Africa were the first Lomé Treaty was signed in 1975. The most recent treaty, Lomé IV was ratified as of May 1991 by 47 ACP-countries and only two EC-countries: Germany and France. The Lomé IV Treaty (1989) will be for 10 years, (the previous treaties were for five years) but the financial protocol is only for five years. The aid for the next five years is budgeted at 10.8 billion ECU's.

London Guide-lines -- Guide-lines concerning the export of sensitive materials (to be possibly used in the production of nuclear weapons)

Maastricht Treaty: on 11 December 1991 the texts of the Treaty for the European Union and the Treaty for the Economic and Monetary Union were accepted by the heads of the governments of the States Members of the EC. (see some more details in annex). After the Danish "Yes" -- May 1993-- (second referendum, 56.8% "yes" against 43.2% "no" ) and the British acceptance in the House of Commons the chance of entering into force of the European Union by January 1, 1994, increased.See also Annex 8.

Macedonia-- In the Spring of 1993 the ex-Yugoslavian province of Macedonia has been recognized as member of the United Nations with the name of "Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia" --FYROM--.Previously had Greece opposed the recognition of Macedonia by the EC.
In the near future negotiations will take place in order to give guarantees to the Slavian speaking peoples in the north of Greece and the use of the port of Thessaloniki.
In the new constitution of FYROM there is reference to interest for Macedonian living abroad (this gives Greece some grieves). The fear of the Greeks increased when president Gligorov of FYROM declared that the recognition of FYROM by the UN, means the end of the Treaty of Boekarest. By this Treaty (1913) was Macedonia divided among Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria at the end of the first Balkan war.

Maghreb -- (Arabic for West)-- Region of North Africa bordering the Mediterranean See. Comprises Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and the western part of Lybia. A big number of Immigrants in Europe come from this region.

Miami Conference -- See UNCED

Montreal Protocol (date ?) By this protocol the use of CFC's should be stopped.

Moscow-Meeting - [CSCE] Conference on the Human Dimension held in September- October 1991.
#40 of the document includes many important aspects for women .see Annex 9.

NACC- [NATO] North Atlantic Co-operation Council. Created in Rome at the NATO top conference in November 1991. NACC counts 35 countries (see map). It was originally created as a consultation forum between the NATO and ex-WTO countries. The Baltic countries started to participate in in NACC on December 1991.It is at present an ambiguous organization, it is a kind of "waiting-room" to enter into NATO. Via the NACC, NATO wants to improve the communication among the military of the member countries, to help in the conversion process and to improve technical and scientific co-operation. So far they don't have enough funds for that. (source: NRC-Handelsblad, The Netherlands).See Annex 10

NAFTA- North American Free Trade Association- Economic co-operation among USA, Canada and Mexico. Bloc forming that will counterpart the European Common Market and eventually other economic coalitions (see ASEAN). NAFTA will start working on January 1, 1994. The NAFTA market will have 360 million consumers.

NAM Non Aligned Movement. Founded in 1961. In the meeting in September of 1991 there were big discussions about the "raison d'être" of the movement because of the falling apart of the socialist countries. Since than some members left the movement and others came in. President of NAM is general Soeharto of Indonesia.
At the 10th top-conference of NAM in Djakarta on September 1992, there has been discussion about the membership of Yugoslavia represented by the new federation unity of Serbia and Montenegro. But they decided to wait until the decision of the UN-General Assembly. The Final document of this top-conference, called the Message of Djakarta, says that the NAM decided to continue as a strong political force and that the solution of problems of development and equity in international trade relations has their highest priority.
The NAM had in September 1992, 108 member states. NB: at the 47th session of the UN General Assembly (Fall of 1992) the FRY-- Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was expeled as member of the UN.

Namibia - became independent in March 1990.

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Its members -- 16 in number -- are the members of WEU + USA, Canada, Denmark, Norway,Turkey and Iceland.
Inside the NATO there are two only-European groups: one military, the IEPG (Independent European Program Group) consisting of the European NATO countries except Iceland and France; and one political, the Euro-group: consisting of the European NATO countries.
The IEPG is transfering some functions to the WEU.
NATO was established in 1949 with only 12 member states. Western-Germany joined in 9-5-1955. Its current Secretary General is Manfred Wörner, who will stay in office until June 30th 1996. Since 1992 NATO is supposed to act in service of the "peace forces" of UN and CSCE with or without assistance of WEU.
In the Final Communique of the Defence Planning Committee(Ministerial Session in Brussels), 11 December 1992, it is said:"We also agreed that military use of civil resources should be encouraged to promote cost-effectiveness".
NATO disposes of a Conventional Armaments Planning System for co-operation about military material. There is also a NATO Code of conduct for Defense Trade between the Allies "which should enable all member countries to make the best possible use of their limited defence procurement budgets" (Final Communique of Defense Planning Committee 11 December 1992). See Annexes 2, 11 and 12.

NGO Non-Governmental Organization.
NGO's are organization that don't have connections with governments or political parties, and that defend certain interests without looking for commercial profit. There are NGO's with and without consultative status at the UN --ECOSOC.

NIC's Newly Industrialized Countries (see Four Dragons)

NIE's Newly Industrializing Economies (see NIC's)

NIEO New International Economic Order.

NIS New Independent States ( as result of the fall of the Berlin Wall).

NPT Treaty on Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
The NPT was signed in 1968 and entered into force in 1970. Most recent Review Conference was held in 1990. The 1995 Conference must decide on a calendar for future reviews.
By December 1992, 156 states had become parties to the NPT. This number includes all the five recognized nuclear weapon powers -- China, France , Russia, the UK and the USA. In 1992, 11 states signed the NPT: Estonia and Latvia (January); China (March); Slovenia (April); Uzbekistan (May); France (August); Azerbaijan (September); Namibia and Niger (October) and Myanmar/Burma (December).

With the division of Czechoslovakia into two states on January 1, 1993, the number reached 157. Former Soviet Republics are expected to accede. So far Bellarus, Kazachstan and Ukraine did not sign the NPT, although they are under pressure to join. In order to get funds for the destruction of their nuclear arsenals in the framework of START-I, that they promised to sign (see Lisbon Protocol).
Ukraine had the biggest nuclear arsenal( about 1,200 warheads) and has set a number of conditions for joining the NPT, among which negative security safeguards to be given by Russia, positive security safeguards by the other nuclear powers, and a share of the revenue from the sale of fissile material contained in the nuclear weapons based in the Ukraine. Ukraine stopped provisionally with transferring of tactical nuclear weapons to Russia in March 1992. But after USA pressure, Ukraine transferred the remainder of the former Soviet tactical nuclear arsenal to Russia.
The three undeclared nuclear powers, Israel, India, and Pakistan are still not parties to the NPT. See Annexes 13 and 14

Nobel Peace Prices Laureates (recent) : 1991: Aung San Suu Kyi (Myanmar/Burma); 1992:Rigoberta Menchu (Guatemala).

Nuclear Weapons of France and UK together rise to a total of around 1500 (?). See also "Eurobomb"

OAS Organization of American States.

ODA [UN]-- Office for Disarmament Affairs.New York (there is a discussion about moving the office to Geneva).

ODA [USA(?)] Overseas Development Assistance.

OECD. Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development.
OECD is an extension of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation that followed the Marshall plan in 1948. The members of the OECD are: Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, and USA. (should be 24 ( ?). Check ! The OECD has a committee for Developing Countries Assistance: DAC.
Through the EBRD has technological co-operation with Poland, Czechia, Slovakia and Hungary.
At the Yearly Report of the organization published in July 1992, called "Employment Outlook", it was made a forecasted saying that the unemployment in the industrialized countries will increase in 1992 to achieve 30.000.000. the highest number since 1983.

Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights: [CSCE] see Office of Free Elections.

Office of Free Elections- [CSCE] at the Second Meeting of the Council in Prague (January 1992) the name changed to Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.

On-Challenge - See Chemical Weapons Convention.

OPCW- Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. See Chemical Weapons Convention.

OPEC Organization of Petrol Exporting Countries.
President of OPEC is Celestino Armas (Venezuela )and Secretary General Subroto (Indonesia).
In Geneva, at the 92th ministerial meeting in September 1992, Ecuador left the organization and Iran did not accept the final document. Ecuador was full member since 1973 and withdraw because she thought that the membership price was too high and because she didn't agree with the quota imposed. Ecuador remained an associated member.Iran did not agree with the increasing of production of OPEC. Iran wanted to increase the oil price.The opinion of Iran was supported by Algeria, Indonesia, Lybia and Venezuela. Saudi-Arabia and Arabian Emirates were happy with the present prices.

Open Skies Agreement between NATO and WP (former Warsaw Pact) concerning the open of aerial space for mutual military inspection. Date (?)

Oslo Document [CSCE] see CFE.

Palme Report - On Common Security
Report of the Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues, established in 1980 under leadership of the late Olof Palme of Sweden. The Commission consisted of senior political leaders and scientific advisers from all regions; among them: Giorgi Arbatov (SU), Egon Bahr (FRG), Gro Harlem Brundtland (Norway); Muthamma (India), Joop den Uyl (NL) and Cyrus Vance (USA).

The report was presented in 1982.One purpose of the report was to complement the work of the Brandt Commission (on International Development.) In the Palme report security and common security were defined in political-military terms.
The Final Statement of the Palme Commission, issued in April 1989 has a broader definition of the concepts of security and common security. The Palme Commission Final Statement on Disarmament and Security Issues, was named "A World at Peace, Common Security in the Twenty-first Century", Stockholm 1989.

Club of Paris [IMF] -- Club of countries that are creditors of developing countries..

Parliamentary Assembly [CSCE] - founded in April 1991

Petersberg Declaration [WEU], named after the place near Bonn (Germany) were the declaration was made on June 19, 1992.
The Petersberg Declaration has three parts: 1) with the description of the military role of WEU. Military units could be sent in and outside Europe.Military units can be part of NATO or NATO can use WEU units; a planning cell of 40 men has been created under leadership of the Italian general Caltabiano in order to prepare joint military operations; this cell will start working in Brussels on October,1 1992. The tasks of the WEU military will include: humanitarian operations, peace-keeping and 'peace-making' The military units of the WEU will act after formal request of the CSCE or the UN Security Council. Each member state of the WEU can unilaterally decide if it will take part in a specific action or not. The CSCE or the Security Council can also ask NATO for military action. The New French-German corps can also take part in WEU units. 2) about the preparations for an efficient action and 3) about the enlargement of the organization. The declaration is a follow-up of the Maastricht Treaty (see point two of Some facts about the European Union)

Rio-Group: [EC] All South American countries, except Suriname and Guyana + Mexico that form a special platform for negotiations with the EC.

Rio-Declaration, [UNCED], document signed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992. Previously named World Charter.(see UNCED)

Rouble The currency of former USSR. After the dismantling of the Union it seems that there are several different kinds of roubles. (15!!!).

Russia - The Russian Federation assumed all rights and obligations of the former Soviet Union, concerning international treaties and agreements on January 12, 1992.
See also Russia and G7 and Soviet Union (ex).

SACEUR [NATO] -- Supreme Allied Commander in Europe.

SAP [IMF] Structural Adjustment Programme.

Satellites [NATO, WEU,France with several other European Countries] Helios satellite a joint project of France with Spain and Italy. (to be launched in 1994. It will be equipped with a small signals-intelligence package which allows interception of electromagnetic signals. Helios will be launched together with a small, low orbit satellite called Cerise. Cerise was described by a French Defense Ministry official as an experimental mission to allow monitoring of radio signals in space -- Defense News 3-2-92--( source: info in publication of NATO Alerts Network, January 1993).
Zenon and Osiris intended for deployment around the year 2000.

Schengen Treaty, is about open borders first among Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany and France. Later Italy Portugal and Spain also joined. Originally was seen as a first step to the Inner Market.

SDI Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars). In January 1992 President Bush announced cuts in many items of the Defense budget but increased the budget for the SDI. Clinton (?)

SDR [IMF] -Special Drawing Rights. Due to limitations of the World reserves of gold, sterling and dollars the IMF established in 1960 this new kind of reserve (very complicated !)

Security Council [UN] on January 1,1993, Brazil, Djibouti, Aotearoa/New Zealand, Pakistan and Spain were chosen for two years as no-permanent members of the SC. They susbstituted : Belgian, Ecuador, India, Austria and Zimbabwe.

SHAPE [NATO] (?).

shorter-range - see INF

Singapore Declaration- see ASEAN

SNA [UN] System of National Accounts. See also UNSNA.

South Commission-- Published an important Report "The Challenge to the South".(1990). The chair-person of the South commission was (still is ?): Julius Nyerere. This Independent Commission had 28 persons all coming from developing countries

Soviet Union (ex) -- Was by area the worlds largest country: 1/6 of the world land surface. It covers 11 of the 24 world time zones. The SU had the world's longest frontiers and no other country was bounded by so many nations. The SU was formed in December, 30, 1922.In addition to the 15 union republics, 20 autonomous republics, 8 autonomous regions, 10 autonomous regions, 10 autonomous districts, 6 territories and 121 regions !! (source encyclopedia Britannica, 1981) See Annexes 15 and 16.

STABEX- Instrument of Lomé Treaties
STABEX is a System of Compensation for some ACP products( 29 products mainly agricultural to keep the export incomes more or less stable). Another instrument of Lomé (II) is SYSMIN for minerals to maintain the production capacity by lessening the effects of a sudden drop in prices or production, via special loans.

STANAVFORMED--[NATO]-- NATO's Standing Naval Force Mediterranean.

START-I Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty.
Reduction of Strategic Nuclear Weapons. Bilateral agreements between USA and Soviet Union.The negotiations were initiated in 1982 to reduce the strategic (intercontinental) nuclear forces of both sides.The START-I Treaty was signed in Moscow on July 31, 1991 and ratified by the USA Senate on October 1, 1992. The ratification by the Russian Parliament was on November 4, 1992 but members of the Commonwealth of Independent States with nuclear weapons: Bellarus, Kazachstan and Ukraine opposed the ratification.
START-1 reduces USA and Soviet offensive strategic nuclear weapons to equal aggregate levels (about 30%) over a seven-year period and sets numerical limits on deployed strategic nuclear delivery vehicles (ICBM's, SLBM's and heavy bombers) and the nuclear warheads they carry.

START -II Signed in Moscow on January 3 1993 by President Bush and Yeltsin. Negotiations took about 6 months (negotiations of START-I took about 10 years). By this Treaty will Russia and the USA destroy about 2/3 of their strategical nuclear warheads. This treaty goes much further than START-I. By START-I should 30% of the nuclear weapons arsenal be reduced. By this Treaty the multi-warheads (MIRV) of weapons deployed on land are prohibited but the ones deployed at the sea continue to be allowed. (advantage for the USA).

Supplier Countries (of nuclear technology)--[NPT]-- met in April 1992 in Warsaw and agreed to apply "full scope safeguards' to their nuclear exports.

Suriname became associated with the EEG in 1962.

SYSMIN see Stabex.

Tashkent Document - [CSCE] - See CFE.

TASM Tactical Air to Surface Missiles. Can be launched from aircraft and can reach targets in the ex-Soviet Union.

Thorsson Report - [UN] on the relationship between disarmament and development. September 1981.

TLE [CSCE] - See CFE

TNC's Transnational Corporations.

Trevi Group -- [EC]-- Consist of ministers of Internal Affairs and ministers of Justice of the 12 EC countries (see also Europol). At the last meeting in Copenhagen, June 1993, they decided to establish the Europol and to intensify the control on the immigration. As an example it is given that if a legal immigrant eventually will help an illegal immigrant by giving him lodging or work, the legal immigrant can be expeled ! Special control will be made on tourists and visitors. Also family reunion will be strongly controlled. See also Schengen Treaty.

UNCED [UN]--UN Conference on Environment and Development. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, June 1992.
UNCED process was initiated in 1972 in Stockholm (UN Conference on the Human Environment) From the Action Program adopted in Stockholm two programs were established in the UN: UNEP and SWMTEP (System Wide Medium-Term Environmental Program). In 1987 was the Report "Our Common Future" -- the Brundtland Report -- presented. The first Executive Director of UNEP was Maurice Strong, later he was the Secretary General of UNCED.

Two important Documents were adopted at UNCED:
The Rio Declaration -- First called Earth Charter and supposed to be a kind Magna Carta for the planet. It was seen by the UNCED secretariat as a moral framework upon which sustainable decisions on environment and development can be made. The Rio Declaration declares 27 principles.
The Action Programme Agenda 21 -- The action programme document of the Conference on Environment and Development. Very detailed document of about 700 pages. Military aspects are not included. The participation of Women in Environment and Development gets largely the attention.
The execution of the Action Programme -- Agenda 21 (reference to the 21st century !) will meet many difficulties. The Secretariat of UNCED estimates that for the implementation of the activities of Agenda 21 in the developing countries it will be necessary per year (between 1993 and 2000) more than US$600 billion . Of this amount, $125 billion should be offered by the world community. It is important to notice that at the meeting of G7 in München, held a few weeks after UNCED, there was no reference at all about the financing of Agenda 21. See also GEF.
At the UNCED the UN Sustainable Development Commission was established (see CSD). The CSD is related to ECOSOC and will be charged with follow-up on UNCED. The CSD will start in 1993 and the tasks will be defined by the 47th session of the General Assembly (1992).
Further at UNCED in Rio de Janeiro, the Draft Convention on Climate Change and the Draft Bio-Diversity Conventions were discussed .
As Preparation for UNCED in November 1991, 1500 women from 83 countries met in Miami to elaborate an alternative to Agenda 21, the "Women's Agenda 21".

UNCLOS [UN] -- United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.(date ?)

UNCTAD [UN]--UN Conference on Trade and Development.

UNDC [UN] United Nations Disarmament Commission.(see Disarmament Machinery of the UN)

UNDP [UN]--UN Development Program. See HDR

UNDRO [UN] United Nations Disaster Relief Office.

UNEP [UN]--UN Environment Program

UNESCO [UN]--UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Headquarters in Paris.

UNFPA [UN] - United Nations Fund for Population Activities.
In September 1994 there will be the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, Egypt.

UNHCR [UN]- UN High Commissioner for Refugees.

UNIDO [UN]- UN Nations Industrial Development Organization..

UNICEF [UN]--UN Children's Fund

UNIFEM [UN]-- UN Development Fund for Women

UNPROFOR [UN] -- United Nations Protection Force. Settled in ex-Yugoslavia.

UN Register of Conventional Arms (it was expected that by April 1993 UN member States would provide all required data in order to enable this Register to be fully operational and effective (?). Check !

UNSCR [UN]-- UN Security Council Resolution.
Some important recent Security Council Resolutions:
Gulf Crisis -- in 1990 -- nr. 660 (2 August) condemns invasion of Kuwait; nr. 661 (6 August) some economic sanctions are established against Iraq; nr. 665 (25 August) Embargo resolution;
nr.666 (11 September) recalls that in res.nr 661 an exception was made for import of food and medical supplies;
nr.678 (28 November) makes possible the invasion of Iraq. # 2: "Authorizes Member States co-operating with the Government of Kuwait, unless Iraq on or before 15 January 1991 fully implements" ... withdraw of Kuwait etc..."to use all necessary means to uphold and implement Security Council resolution 660 (1990) and all subsequent relevant resolutions and to restore international peace and security in the area;"
Conflict Bosnia-Herzgovina (check dates !)
nr.770 authorizes all measures necessary to ensure relief deliveries to Bosnia, and that interference in relief activities is an international crime.
nr.787 aimed at enforcing the UN embargos in the former Yugoslavia. nr.713 and 757 all ships entering or leaving the territorial waters of the former Yugoslavia will be halted to inspect and verify their cargoes and destinations.

UNSNA [UN]-- United Nations System of National Accounts.
UNSNA is the internationally recognized system for measuring and recording the values that economists use.In the opinion of the female economist from Aotearoa/New Zealand, Marilyn Waring: The evolution of the system was politically motivated, and the rules made about what would and would not be recorded as production were also political choices". These were choices made by the Western, rich countries and were made mostly by men.

The UNSNA was published in 1953 and in its actual form was started in the USA after the big financial depression. The choices of the elements to be included in the measure of the GNP -- as it is adopted by the UNSA -- made possible in the time of Roosevelt to justify the war expenses. Informal work is not counted as productive. The negative value of the depletion of the environment is also not counted, but the production of weapons and the salaries of the military are counted as contributing to the wealth of the countries.

UNU [UN] United Nations University.

Visegrad countries: Czechia, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary.

Plan Vance-Owen -- for the partition of Bosnia Herzgovina. See Annex 17.

Yugoslavia-- until 1991 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Composed of Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia Herzgovina and the provinces of Kosovo, Sandjak and Vojvodina.

WCP [UN] -- World Climate Programme.

WDR World Development Report [World Bank] see also Bretton Woods.
In the Report of 1991, were new initiatives presented to support a market economy and to discourage defense expenditures of Developing countries.

Weapons' industry - In Western Europe there are about one and a half million people employed in the weapons' industry (Dr. J. Colijn in a seminar held in Groningen on April 15, 1992. in "Economen blad").

WFP [UN] --World Food Programme

Women's CSCE Conferences: First in Berlin (November 1990); Second in Brussels (March 1992).

WEU West European Union
Preparations for WEU started in 1948 (Treaty of Brussels signed by Belgium, France, UK, Luxembourg and Netherlands). In 1954, Italy and FRG joined the Treaty of Brussels. WEU started in 5-5-1955. In 1988 Portugal and Spain joined the WEU. The WEU was in the beginning to increase social, economic and cultural co-operation; it is now more and more a "security" platform.
In November 1992, Greece joined the organization, Turkey, Norway and Iceland got the status of associate member and Ireland and Denmark the status of observer.
Current president is Germany. On July 1, 1993, Italy will take over. The Council and the Secretariat of the WEU are in Brussels. The WEU is mainly a meeting platform for the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Defense.( See Petersberg Declaration.) See Annex 2
Since 1992 WEU can mobilize "peace forces" to assist the UN and the CSCE and is increasing in importance.
Some functions of IEPG (see NATO) are being transferred to the WEU.
The WEU will probably get some activities of Euro-group (see NATO). The WEU satellite Centre, in Spain, will become soon operational. Several satellite projects are under way (civil or military ? not clear !) -- see satellites.

WHO [UN]-- World Health Organization.

World Bank -- WB-- The same as International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). See also Bretton Woods.
Since September 1991 is president of the World Bank, for 5 years, the American Lewis T.Preston. He followed another American, Barber Conable. The WB has one President, an Office for the President (3 members) and 14 Executive Vice-Presidents.
In the last Report of the World Bank published on 16 September 1992 were mentioned as priorities for 1993: Sustainable economical growth and the drive back of poverty.

World Water Day -- March 22.